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Chapter 4: 3-betting and 4-betting. A 3-bet occurs when the original preflop raiser is re-raised by another player. A 4-bet occurs when a 3-bet is re-raised by any player.

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The reason it is called a 3-bet is that the automatic posting of the blinds is considered the first bet, the second bet (2-bet) is when a player raises the blinds instead of calling them, and the third bet (3-bet) is the re-raising of the 2-bet. 3-bet poker statistics take much longer to yield useful data when compared to common poker stats such as VPIP and PFR. Once you get at least 1,000 hands on your opponent, you can be reasonably certain that you have good information on their tendencies. If you only have 100 hands on your opponent, be very careful before changing your strategy too much. What do we mean by changing your strategy? Remember, you need to learn to play solid poker first. Only after that should you exploit your opponent’s major flaws. As beginners, many players 3-bet only very strong hands. A major step in the journey from beginner to intermediate player is understanding 3-betting at a deeper level and moving into a wider 3-betting range. Why do we 3-bet? There are two reasons to make any bet in poker. The first is for value. The second is to bluff. Thus, all 3-betting will either be for value or to bluff your opponents off their hands. A good first concept to understand is capped versus uncapped ranges. A player opening from the first position can have hands in their range as strong as AA and KK. This player’s range is considered uncapped. However, if a second player flat calls the first player preflop, then that player has a capped range. Because the second player would almost always 3-bet hands as strong as AA and KK, these hands are essentially removed from their range. The second player is therefore going postflop with a capped range against an uncapped range. However, if a player 3-bets the original raise, then AA and KK can now be in their range. If the original raiser simply calls, then that player is the one with the capped range, as they would most likely 4-bet a hand as strong as AA or KK. When you 3-bet, you have an uncapped range, which makes it more difficult for your opponent to play against you. You go to the flop with the initiative and you have all your strongest hands available to you. What is a good 3-bet percentage? Strong, winning players do not 3-bet only their strongest hands. At the low stakes, a good 3-bet percentage will be around 5%–9%. Players can win aggressively with 3-bet percentages as high as 11%, however generally for beginners it is much easier to play with a tighter 3-bet range. It is much easier to play against a player that 3-bets only 2%–3% of their hands compared to a player who 3-bets 6%–8% of their hands. When you are against the first player, you know that they probably only have JJ+ and you can therefore easily fold hands against their 3-bet range. When should you 3-bet? It is easy to understand 3-betting for value. When playing solid, aggressive poker, a good rule is to always 3-bet your strongest hands. This allows you to play much larger pots with your strongest hands, and it balances your 3-bet range when you want to include bluffs and weaker hands. This is just scratching the surface of 3-bet theory, however. When you are deciding to 3-bet, you must look at the hand range that your opponent is opening from each position using the unopened preflop raised statistic (UOPFR). Using a hand range program like Equilab, you can estimate the range of hands they are opening, and decide what range of hands to flat call or re-raise with. In order to profitably flat call your opponent’s opening range, you ought to have hands strong enough to have an equity advantage against their range. (Equity just means your chance of winning the pot based on the strength of your hand.) This equity advantage combined with your positional advantage postflop needs to be large enough to overcome the fact that you have a capped range against their uncapped range. When choosing hands to re-raise in a polarized strategy (which will be explained further below), you need to be raising hands that are stronger than their range (value) and slightly too weak to call (your bluffs). It does not make sense to start 3-bet bluffing as a beginner with a hand like 34 suited. It is much better to use a hand like A4 suited, which does much better against their calling range, while also blocking their strongest hands. For example, if you are all in preflop against KK with your bluff hand of A4 suited, you win roughly a third of the time! The additional advantage of using a hand like A4s in your bluffing range is that it makes it less likely for your opponent to have strong hands like AK or AA, because you have one of the only four aces in the deck. Before you attempt a 3-bet, however, you need to understand the relevant poker statistics and their acronyms in poker tracking software such as Poker Copilot. They are: Fold to 3-bet preflop in position (F3B IP) , Fold to 3-bet preflop out of position (F3B OOP) , Folded to cbet on flop in 3-bet+ pot (FCB_3) , 4-bet preflop (4B). Fold to 3-bet. The fold to 3-bet statistic is the most important one to understand. In a balanced strategy, you will have a fold to 3-bet of somewhere near 55%. However, at the lower stakes this will usually be higher, because players there are generally weighted towards value when they 3-bet. If a player is folding 30% or less to 3-bets, then you need to raise them primarily for value. This will involve using a depolarized range. If a player is folding 65% or more to 3-bets, then you need to raise them primarily as a bluff. This will involve using a polarized range. The percentages of fold to 3-bet work on a sliding scale. The closer they are to 30% or less, the more you want to be weighted towards value. The closer they are to 65%, the more bluffs you want to work into your range. Folded to cbet on flop in 3-bet+ pot. The most useful statistic that will determine your preflop strategy is “Folded to continuation bet on flop in 3-bet+ pot”. This statistic can change the way that you create your ranges. Against players who have a high fold to flop continuation bet, you can start opening your range to have a slightly higher concentration of bluffs. 4-bet preflop. Be wary of 3-betting a player who has a high 4-bet percentage. Against these players, you can develop a strategy of 3-betting a tighter range and 5-betting them (which is often an all-in preflop) if they are calling too much, or flat calling their 4-bets with your range advantage and playing postflop. Depolarized versus polarized 3-betting ranges. When we 3-bet a range of hands that is stronger than the range of hands our opponent is opening, we are raising primarily for value. This is called a depolarized strategy.

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